DETROIT – With a deadline for expanded strikes by the United Auto Workers against the Detroit automakers closing in, the “serious progress” called for by the union seems all too elusive.

The UAW and General Motors, Ford Motor and Stellantis are all holding their ground on demands, and it appears likely the union will strike additional plants at some, if not all, of the automakers at noon Friday — as it’s promised.

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While talks are ongoing, there has been little movement in proposals since the strikes were initiated on Sept. 15 at assembly plants in Michigan, Ohio and Missouri. Sources familiar with the talks describe a “big” gap between the sides and say the parties are “far apart.”

Headline economic issues and benefits such as hourly pay, retirement benefits, cost-of-living adjustments, wage progression and work-life balance remain central to the discussions. All issues play into one another and can change based on demand priorities.

Each automaker has its own unique issues, but overall the companies want to avoid fixed costs and what they’ve called “uncompetitive practices” such as traditional pensions. The union, in contrast, is attempting to regain benefits lost during past talks and secure significant increases to pay and other benefits, while retaining platinum healthcare for members.

In the end, it’s about how much a deal will cost the companies in total. Wall Street is currently expecting record costs, though still below the $6 billion to $8 billion in demands the union would like, according to Wells Fargo.

Here’s a general overview of where the union and companies stand on key issues.

Union leaders have been highly transparent during collective bargaining this year with the automakers; however, they’ve largely been quiet on any potential for compromise around a demand of 40% wage increases over four and a half years.

Media reports indicate the union has adjusted that demand to the mid-30% range. UAW President Shawn Fain last week said the union has not made an offer below 30%.

The automakers have countered with wage increases of around 20% over the length of the contract — what would still be a record — to a top wage of more than $39 per hour for a majority of workers.

Sources familiar with the talks say if the companies do increase hourly wages beyond that 20% level, they’re likely to lower other benefits or reduce jobs in the future to try to make up the difference.

A Ford source said the company’s current proposals would offer entry-level employees starting salaries of about $60,000, potentially increasing to $100,000 or more during the life of the deal. That includes base pay, expected overtime, profit-sharing and other cash bonuses.

Under GM’s latest proposal, President Mark Reuss said about 85% of current represented employees would earn a base wage of about $82,000 a year. That’s compared with the average median household income of $51,821 in nine areas where GM has major assembly plants, he said.

Wage tiers — slicing auto workers into distinct pay ranges or classifications — are tricky, moving targets.

The companies and union have defined “tiers” differently during past negotiations as well as during the talks this year. Tiers can signify workers doing the same job for different pay and benefits; similar but different job responsibilities; or differences between workers at assembly and components plants — depending on the talks.

The UAW union has called broadly for “equal pay for equal work.” It’s a cornerstone of the group’s platform. While the automakers have historically argued for different pay based on seniority, job classification and responsibilities.

So-called “tiers” were established in 2007 as a concession by UAW to allow lower wages and benefits for workers hired after the contracts were ratified that year — what became known as a “second tier.” The starting pay of these workers was roughly half that of the incumbent workers, and they would not be eligible for the same active health care benefits, pensions or retiree health care coverage.

The union has won some similar benefits back for newer workers compared to veteran, or “legacy,” ones but there remains different classifications of workers and pay “tiers” that amount to “in-progression” wages, in which a worker earns more the longer they’re employed.

For this year, the automakers have largely proposed cutting an existing eight-year pay progression in half and eliminating some pay discrepancies between workers who do similar jobs such as parts and components.

The union would like to eliminate the in-progression pay structure entirely and have workers across the contract earning the same wage (after a 90-day adjustment period) including temporary, or supplemental, workers.

One source familiar with the talks said there’s a “philosophical difference” between the sides. Ford, which utilizes the fewest temporary workers, has agreed to move all current temps with 90 days of work under their belt to full-time employees.

UAW suspended cost-of-living adjustments in 2009, as the companies attempted to cut costs. COLA helps employees maintain the value of their compensation against inflation.

The union now wants to reinstate COLA, especially following a period of decades-high inflation. But the automakers, in general, have proposed either lump-sum payments or suggested utilizing calculations based on inflation levels that the union argues wouldn’t be sufficient to offset increased costs.

Automakers have further argued that profit-sharing payments that have traditionally been based on North American profits of the companies have assisted in offsetting inflation.

The companies are attempting to change or lower profit-sharing payments to offset other increased costs, while the union would like an enhanced formula.

UAW previously outlined a calculation of providing $2 for every $1 million spent on share buybacks and increases to normal dividends.

UAW has proposed better work-life balance, including a potential 32-hour workweek for the pay of 40 hours. The union has argued that salaried workers are allowed remote or hybrid work, allowing them to spend more time away from work with their families.

A shorter workweek has been a non-starter for the automakers, which have countered with additional vacation time, added holiday pay such as for Juneteenth and two-week paternal leave, in some cases.

For the UAW, product commitments equal jobs, meaning more members for the union.

UAW leaders are specifically concerned with vehicle production commitments at Stellantis, which has proposed closing, selling or consolidating 18 facilities. The locations included its North American headquarters, 10 parts and distribution centers and three manufacturing components facilities (two of which have already been fully or partially decommissioned).

A source familiar with the talks said GM has committed product to all of its facilities, following three closures four years ago.

The UAW has demanded a “significant” increase to pay for retired workers. The union last week said the companies had rejected all increases to retiree pay. However, GM CEO Mary Barra said the automaker included in its offer a lump-sum cash payment of $500 for retirees.

A Ford source said the company’s current offer includes a health care retirement bonus program with lump sums of either $50,000 or $35,000, upon retirement, based on seniority, for newer workers.

Automakers also have pushed back on returning to traditional pensions in lieu of 401(k) plans.

A proposal last week by Ford included a 6.4% contribution from the company and $1 per hour for every hour worked, with a previous cap removed, according to a company source.

GM also offered an unconditional 6.4% company 401(k) contribution for employees who are not eligible for pensions.